2010年10月14日 星期四

問題裡的主人翁:語法大戰語用

英文的疑問詞當中,常見的 5WH 分別是:Who, What, When, Where, Why 和 How,在學習的過程中,疑問詞後面所接的當然是疑問句,例如:

1. When do you leave for work? (Around 8:00.)

2. Where do you live? (We live in a suburb of Taipei.

3. Why did you say that? (Because I was angry then.)

4. How do they go to school? (They go to school on foot.)

因為這種句型的一致性,在遇到 Who 跟 What 的問句時,近乎反射的也會想以類比的方式套用相同的模組:

5. Who do you love? (We love Dr. Seuss.)

6. What do you want? (I want a cheeseburger.)

看到疑問詞後面一個個對仗整齊的問句,似乎更能認定語句的工整與正確。

不過When(問時間), Where(問地方), Why(問原因), How(問方法)等都是疑問副詞;而Who(問人)跟What(問事物)卻是疑問代名詞,所以後者除了可以當動作的受詞(例句5、6的模式)外,也可以當問題的主角,直接作為主詞詢問:

7. Who is your teacher this year? (Mr. Wang is our teacher this year.)

8. Who knows him? (My boss knows him.)

9. Who will come to the dinner tonight? (Tom and his family.)

10. What is there on the table? (A pile of newspapers are on the table.)

11. What has become of you? (A working mom.)

12. What made you think so? (My lousy childhood.)

13. What happened? (Something you wouldn't believe.)

疑問代名詞和疑問副詞的差異,是語法上句構的分別;但 5WH 卻是語用上的歸類,之所以難分難解,很大的一個原因是對於語言我們有很強烈的功能導向,情不自禁的會去化約通則以求省力,也難怪許多語法上的錯誤往往是「過度演繹」、「偏執使用」的結果。

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